Yes and no. There's a group called "true bugs" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiptera as linked above). "Bug" in the common sense doesn't have a precise definition (small arthropod that may or may not be a pest to humans is about as precise as I feel I can get), but there _is_ a scientific definition of "true bug".
The TI-99/4 has 4k of scratchpad RAM accessible to the CPU. The CPU architecture had no general-purpose registers and had basically only 3 onboad registsrs: the status register, the program counter, and the workspace pointer. The WP pointer to a 32-byte range of RAM that worked like a set of 16 16-bit registers and a subroutine call was a matter of storing the current PC and WP and loading a new pair (a whole new set of registers). The 4k RAM was the equivalent of "the stack" on a modern x86 or Arm CPU.
Programs were stored as bytecode in memory addressable only by the graphics processors (note: not a GPU). Executing a program meant the CPU would write the GROM address to a register on the graphics chips followed by a request to fetch and would then read the byte from another register. It then had to interpret that byte through the ROM.
There were true separate address spaces, not different ranges in the same flat address space like on the NES. The CPU could not address the GROM directly.
I had the Minimem cart that had a line-by-line assembler that let me dump the ROMS. Many hours were spent hand-disassembling the OS for my TI-99/4A.
So, if I understand correctly, a "unikernel" is what we used to call an "executive" except it is intended to be run as a guest on a virtual machine provided by a full-fledged traditional kernel/userspace OS instead of on bare metal.
The article does reintroduce some concepts that were commonplace when I was first learning computers and it gives them some new names. I like that good ideas can still be useful after years of not being the latest fad, and it's great that someone can get new credit for an old idea with just a little bit of marketing spin.
There is no need in the operating system to run Unikernels. Every Unikernel includes parts of operating system needed for interacting with the underlying hardware. So Unikernels can run on bare metal if they know how to interact with the underlying hardware (i.e. if they have drivers for that hardware). Usually Unikernels are targeted to run on virtual machines because virtual machines have unified virtualised hardware. This allows running the same Unikernel on virtual machines across multiple cloud providers, since they have similar virtual hardware.
> The Multitasking Executive, better known as Exec, is the heart of the Amiga's operating system.
> All other systems in the Amiga rely on it to control multitasking, to manage the message-based interprocess communications system, and to arbitrate access to system resources.
Did something happen after 1860 in the USA that suddenly caused a large proportion of the working population to start receiving wages, thus boosting "average wage growth" artificially?
Would that be possibly because while Venezuela and Iran have oil to extract and sell on the international market to enrich the coffers of the oligarchs in power, the only resources Czechoslovakia had was labour. The oligarchs could only enrich themselves by exporting manufactured goods like shoes and buses, mostly made from imported materials, extracting the excess wealth from the labour of others the way Venezuela and Iran extract oil from the ground?
Moths are, technically [0], not bugs.
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiptera
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